Partial characterization of digestive proteases in juveniles of Microphis brachyurus (short-tailed pipefish) (Syngnathiformes: Syngnathidae)

Short-tailed pipe fish (Microphis brachyurus) is a freshwater organism with high economic potential for the aquarium hobby, so it is necessary to implement methods to promote its culture through studies of digestive physiology. General activities of acid and alkaline proteases were evaluated, as well as the effect of pH, temperature and inhibitors. The optimal pH of stomach proteases was 2, while the optimal pH of intestinal proteases was 10. Optimal temperature for the acidic proteases was 35 ºC, while for alkaline proteases it was 45 ºC. Thermal stability showed high resistance at 35 ºC for both acid and alkaline proteases (above 100% residual activity). Acid proteases are resistant at pH 2 (50% of residual activity), meanwhile alkaline proteases were highly resistant at pH 10 (90% of residual activity). Acid proteases were inhibited by 80% with pepstatin A and alkaline proteases were inhibited with TLCK and TPCK for trypsin (75%) and chymotrypsin (80%), respectively. Finally, metallo-proteases were 75% partially inhibited some serine proteases by 75% with EDTA. In conclusion, M. brachyurus has a good digestive capacity, since they can degrade a wide variety of proteins due to their greater proteolytic activity.(AU)

El pez pipa (Microphis brachyurus) es un organismo dulceacuícola con alto potencial económico para la acuarofilia; sin embargo, es necesario implementar su cultivo a través de estudios de fisiología digestiva. Se evaluó el efecto del pH, temperatura e inhibidores sobre las actividades enzimáticas de proteasas ácidas y alcalinas. El pH óptimo de proteasas estomacales es de 2, mientras que el de proteases intestinales es de 10. La temperatura óptima de proteasas ácidas es de 35 ºC y las alcalinas de 45 ºC. La estabilidad térmica para proteasas ácidas y alcalinas es a los 35 ºC (más de 100% de actividad residual). La estabilidad a los diferentes pH de las proteasas ácidas es en 2 (50 % de la actividad residual), mientras que para las proteasas alcalinas es en 10 (90 % de la actividad residual). Las proteasas ácidas fueron inhibidas en 80% con pepstatina A y las proteasas alcalinas fueron altamente inhibidas con TLCK para tripsina (75%) y TPCK quimitripsina (80%). Finalmente, las metaloproteasas fueron inactivadas con EDTA en 70%. En conclusión, M. brachyurus tiene una buena capacidad digestiva al degradar una amplia variedad de proteinas debido a su alta actividad proteolítica.(AU)

Distribución espacial y estructura morfométrica de las praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) en dos arrecifes del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, México / Spatial distribution and ecological structure of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) in two reefs of Veracruz Reef System National Park, Mexico

ResumenLos pastos marinos son ambientes costeros que se han visto amenazados por el incremento de las actividades humanas. Alterando de forma negativa los procesos y servicios ambientales que presentan, así como la disminución de praderas. El objetivo es generar conocimiento de la distribución, estado de la estructura y nivel de fragmentación en dos arrecifes del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano (PNSAV). Se eligieron dos praderas en arrecifes con características distintas: Sacrificios en el Norte que se encuentra cerca de la costa y Cabezo en el Sur que está alejado de la costa. Se determinaron las características específicas de haz y área de las praderas de macrófitas sumergidas presentes e identificaron cuatro grupos de cobertura morfofuncionales. Se comprobaron diferencias significativas entre coberturas (ANOVA no paramétrico, prueba de Kruskal-Wallis). Se realizó una clasificación supervisada de una imagen espacial de alta resolución verificada con datos de campo (55 Sacrificios y 290 Cabezo). El nivel de fragmentación se calculó usando métricas de paisaje a nivel de clase y se realizaron mapas temáticos en función de las cuatro coberturas. Las praderas se encuentran dominadas por Thalassia testudinum; se tuvieron densidades máximas de 208 haces/m2 para Cabezo y 176 haces/m2 en Sacrificios. Cabezo presentó pastos de hojas cortas (9 cm) y delgadas (0.55 cm) en promedio; Sacrificios tuvo hojas más largas (23.5 cm) y gruesas (1 cm). Sacrificios mostró menor grado de fragmentación que Cabezo; en ambos casos la fragmentación de la cobertura vegetal corresponde a menos del 50 %. Aunque el arrecife Cabezo presenta una mayor fragmentación, que crea un gran número de microambientes, siendo reconocido por su importancia como zona de reclutamiento. Este trabajo sirve como una línea de base para la creación de un plan de manejo adecuado (formación de una zona núcleo de Cabezo). Es necesario complementar este trabajo con nuevos esfuerzos del reconocimiento de las praderas de pastos marinos en todos los arrecifes del PNSAV, así como de monitoreos periódicos y reconocimiento de sus servicios ecosistémicos.

AbstractSeagrasses in coastal environments have been threatened by increased human activities; these have negatively altered processes and environmental services, and have decreased grassland areas. The aim of this study was to generate knowledge of Thalassia testudinum distribution, state of the structure and fragmentation level in two reefs of the Veracruz Reef System National Park (PNSAV). Two different reefs were selected: Sacrificios in the North and near the coast, and Cabezo in the South and away from the coast. Shoot-specific and area-specific characteristics of submerged macrophytes meadows present were determined, and four morpho-functional groups were identified. Significant differences between plant coverage were tested through nonparametric ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test. A supervised classification of spatial high-resolution image verified with field data was performed (55 Sacrificios and 290 Cabezo). The fragmentation level was calculated using landscape metrics, class level and thematic maps were made based on four covers. The meadows were dominated by Thalassia testudinum; maximum densities were 208 shoot/m2 in Cabezo, and 176 shoot/m2 in Sacrificios. Cabezo presented grasses with short (9 cm) and thin leaves (0.55 cm) on average; while Sacrificios showed longer (23.5 cm) and thicker (1 cm) leaves. Sacrificios showed lower fragmentation degree than Cabezo; in both cases, the vegetation cover fragmentation corresponded to less than 50 %. Although Cabezo reef presents further fragmentation, which creates a large number of microenvironments, being recognized for its importance as recruitment area. This work serves as a baseline for the creation of an adequate management plan (formation of a core area of Cabezo). It is necessary to complement this work with new efforts for the recognition of seagrass prairies in all PNSAV reefs, as well as periodic monitoring and recognition of ecosystem services. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 427-448. Epub 2016 June 01.

[Spatial distribution and ecological structure of Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) in two reefs of Veracruz Reef System National Park, Mexico]. / Distribución espacial y estructura morfométrica de las praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) en dos arrecifes del Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, México.

Seagrasses in coastal environments have been threatened by increased human activities; these have negatively altered processes and environmental services, and have decreased grassland areas. The aim of this study was to generate knowledge of Thalassia testudinum distribution, state of the structure and fragmentation level in two reefs of the Veracruz Reef System National Park (PNSAV). Two different reefs were selected: Sacrificios in the North and near the coast, and Cabezo in the South and away from the coast. Shoot-specific and area-specific characteristics of submerged macrophytes meadows present were determined, and four morpho-functional groups were identified. Significant differences between plant coverage were tested through nonparametric ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test. A supervised classification of spatial high-resolution image verified with field data was performed (55 Sacrificios and 290 Cabezo). The fragmentation level was calculated using landscape metrics, class level and thematic maps were made based on four covers. The meadows were dominated by Thalassia testudinum; maximum densities were 208 shoot/m2 in Cabezo, and 176 shoot/m2 in Sacrificios. Cabezo presented grasses with short (9 cm) and thin leaves (0.55 cm) on average; while Sacrificios showed longer (23.5 cm) and thicker (1 cm) leaves. Sacrificios showed lower fragmentation degree than Cabezo; in both cases, the vegetation cover fragmentation corresponded to less than 50 %. Although Cabezo reef presents further fragmentation, which creates a large number of microenvironments, being recognized for its importance as recruitment area. This work serves as a baseline for the creation of an adequate management plan (formation of a core area of Cabezo). It is necessary to complement this work with new efforts for the recognition of seagrass prairies in all PNSAV reefs, as well as periodic monitoring and recognition of ecosystem services. .

[Hurricane impact on Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) beds in the Mexican Caribbean]. / Impacto por huracanes en las praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) en el Caribe Mexicano.

Hurricanes have increased in strength and frequency as a result of global climate change. This research was conducted to study the spatio-temporal distribution and changes of Thalassia testudinum, the dominant species in Bahia de la Ascension (Quintana Roo, Mexico), when affected by heavy weather conditions. To complete this objective, a 2001 Landsat ETM+ image and the information from 525 sampling stations on morpho-functional and coverage of T. testudinum were used, and the seeds generated for the classification of eight benthic habitats. To quantify the changes caused by two hurricanes, we used two images, one of 1988 (Gilberto) and another of 1995 (Roxanne); other three data sets (2003, 2005 and 2007) were also used to describe the study area without major weather effects. Six categorial maps were obtained and subjected to analysis by 8 Landscape Ecology indexes, that describe the spatial characteristics, structure, function, change of the elements (matrix-patch-corridor), effects on ecosystems, connectivity, edges, shape and patch habitat fragmentation. Models indicate that T. testudinum may be classified as a continuum (matrix), since the fragments were not observed intermittently, but as a progression from minimum to maximum areas in reference to their coverage (ecological corridors). The fragments do not have a regular shape, indicating that the impacts are recent and may be due to direct effects (high-intensity hurricanes) or indirect (sediment). Fragments of type "bare soils" have a discontinuous distribution, and are considered to be the sites that have remained stable over a long timescale. While more dense coverage areas ("beds", "medium prairie" and "prairie") have low fragmentation and high connection of fragments. Features have an irregular perimeter and radial growth of formal; suggesting that the impact of meteors has no effect on the resilience of T. testudinum in this ecosystem, indicating good environmental quality to grow in this bay.

Impacto por huracanes en las praderas de Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) en el Caribe Mexicano

Hurricane impact on Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae) beds in the Mexican Caribbean. Hurricanes have increased in strength and frequency as a result of global climate change. This research was conducted to study the spatio-temporal distribution and changes of Thalassia testudinum, the dominant species in Bahia de la Ascension (Quintana Roo, Mexico), when affected by heavy weather conditions. To complete this objective, a 2001 Landsat ETM+ image and the information from 525 sampling stations on morpho-functional and coverage of T. testudinum were used, and the seeds generated for the classification of eight benthic habitats. To quantify the changes caused by two hurricanes, we used two images, one of 1988 (Gilberto) and another of 1995 (Roxanne); other three data sets (2003, 2005 and 2007) were also used to describe the study area without major weather effects. Six categorial maps were obtained and subjected to analysis by 8 Landscape Ecology indexes, that describe the spatial characteristics, structure, function, change of the elements (matrix-patch-corridor), effects on ecosystems, connectivity, edges, shape and patch habitat fragmentation. Models indicate that T. testudinum may be classified as a continuum (matrix), since the fragments were not observed intermittently, but as a progression from minimum to maximum areas in reference to their coverage (ecological corridors). The fragments do not have a regular shape, indicating that the impacts are recent and may be due to direct effects (high-intensity hurricanes) or indirect (sediment). Fragments of type "bare soils" have a discontinuous distribution, and are considered to be the sites that have remained stable over a long timescale. While more dense coverage areas ("beds", "medium prairie" and "prairie") have low fragmentation and high connection of fragments. Features have an irregular perimeter and radial growth of formal; suggesting that the impact of meteors has no effect on the resilience of T. testudinum in this ecosystem, indicating good environmental quality to grow in this bay. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 385-401. Epub 2011 March 01.

Thalassia testudinum es la macrófita dominante en Bahía de la Ascensión (Quintana Roo, México), se estudió para conocer su distribución espacio- temporal y determinar si fue afectada por el paso de huracanes que se han visto incrementados en fuerza y frecuencia por el cambio climático. Partiendo de una imagen Landsat ETM+de 2001 y usando información de grandes grupos morfofuncionales y de cobertura de T. testudinum adquiridas en 525 estaciones de muestreo, se obtienen las semillas para la clasificación supervisada de los hábitats bénticos (8 clases). Con el fin de cuantificar los cambios ocasionados por dos huracanes, se usaron dos imágenes, una de 1988 (Gilberto) y 1995 (Roxanne) y tres más (2003, 2005 y 2007) para monitoreo sin efectos meteorológicos mayores; a estos 6 mapas categóricos se les aplicó un análisis de Ecología del Paisaje usando 8 índices que describen las características espaciales, de estructura, función, cambio de los elementos (matriz-mancha-corredor), efectos sobre el ecosistema, conectividad, bordes, forma del parche y fragmentación del hábitat. Los modelos indican que T. testudinum puede clasificarse como un continuo (matriz), pues los fragmentos no se observan de forma intermitente, sino como una progresión de zonas mínimas a máximas en referencia a su cobertura (corredores ecológicos). No poseen una forma regular, indicando que los impactos son recientes y pueden ser debidos a efectos directos (huracanes de alta intensidad) e indirectos (aporte de sedimentos). Los fragmentos de tipo "suelos desnudos" presentan una distribución discontinua, considerándose sitios que han permanecido estables en una larga escala de tiempo; las zonas con coberturas más densas ("camas", "praderas medias" y "praderas") presentan baja fragmentación y alta conexión de sus fragmentos. Las características de poseer un perímetro irregular y crecimiento de formal radial, sugieren que el impacto de los meteoros no tiene efecto en la capacidad de resiliencia de T. testudinum en este ecosistema, indicando el buen estado de la calidad ambiental de la bahía para su crecimiento.